0xark

pub struct ActivateSeason<'info> {    #[account(mut, seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]    pub game_world: Account<'info, GameWorld>,     #[account(constraint = admin.key() == ADMIN_PUBKEY @ ErrorCode::NotAdmin)]    pub admin: Signer<'info>,} pub fn handle_activate_season(ctx: Context<ActivateSeason>) -> Result<()> {    let world = &mut ctx.accounts.game_world;    require!(world.game_status == 0, ErrorCode::SeasonWrongStatus);     let now = Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp;    require!(        now >= world.waitlist_close_timestamp && now >= world.start_timestamp,        ErrorCode::WaitlistStillOpen    );     world.game_status = 1;    msg!(        "ActivateSeason: status 0->1 (active), participants={}",        world.total_participants    );    Ok(())

1. Line 14 #[account(mut, seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]: Declares the PDA seeds. Anchor re-derives the address and rejects the account if it doesn't match.
2. Line 14 #[account(mut, seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]: Uses the bump seed, the extra byte that pushes the derived address off the ed25519 curve.
3. Line 18 pub admin: Signer<'info>,: Requires this account to have signed the transaction.
4. Line 23 require!(world.game_status == 0, ErrorCode::SeasonWrongStatus);: An explicit validation that aborts the instruction with an error.
5. Line 25 let now = Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp;: Reads on-chain time from the Clock sysvar.
6. Line 32 msg!(: Logs to the program log, which is visible in explorers and the test output.

    pub seller: AccountInfo<'info>,     pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,    #[account(seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]    pub game_world: Account<'info, GameWorld>, } pub fn handle_accept_listing(    ctx: Context<AcceptListing>,    _seller_pubkey: Pubkey,    card_id: u8,) -> Result<()> {    ctx.accounts.game_world.require_collection_open(Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp)?;    require!(ctx.accounts.buyer_state.deposit_amount > 0, ErrorCode::NotRegistered);     let price = ctx.accounts.listing.price;    let seller = ctx.accounts.listing.seller;     // Transfer SOL: buyer → seller (0% fee, no platform cut)    transfer(        CpiContext::new(            ctx.accounts.system_program.key(),            Transfer {

1. Line 40 #[account(seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]: Declares the PDA seeds. Anchor re-derives the address and rejects the account if it doesn't match.
2. Line 40 #[account(seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]: Uses the bump seed, the extra byte that pushes the derived address off the ed25519 curve.
3. Line 50 ctx.accounts.game_world.require_collection_open(Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp)?;: Reads on-chain time from the Clock sysvar.
4. Line 51 require!(ctx.accounts.buyer_state.deposit_amount > 0, ErrorCode::NotRegistered);: An explicit validation that aborts the instruction with an error.
5. Line 58 CpiContext::new(: Makes a cross-program invocation into another program.

        init,        payer = seller,        space = TradeListing::SIZE,        seeds = [b"trade", seller.key().as_ref(), &[card_id]],        bump,    )]    pub listing: Account<'info, TradeListing>,     pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,    #[account(seeds = [GameWorld::SEED], bump = game_world.bump)]    pub game_world: Account<'info, GameWorld>, } pub fn handle_create_listing(ctx: Context<CreateListing>, card_id: u8, price: u64) -> Result<()> {    ctx.accounts.game_world.require_collection_open(Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp)?;    require!(ctx.accounts.seller_state.deposit_amount > 0, ErrorCode::NotRegistered);     require!(price >= MIN_LISTING_PRICE, ErrorCode::PriceTooLow);     // Escrow: remove card from seller vault now    ctx.accounts.seller_state.remove_card(card_id)?;     let listing = &mut ctx.accounts.listing;

1. Line 25 init,: Creates and pays for a new account. Space and payer must be specified.
2. Line 28 seeds = [b"trade", seller.key().as_ref(), &[card_id]],: Declares the PDA seeds. Anchor re-derives the address and rejects the account if it doesn't match.
3. Line 29 bump,: Uses the bump seed, the extra byte that pushes the derived address off the ed25519 curve.
4. Line 40 ctx.accounts.game_world.require_collection_open(Clock::get()?.unix_timestamp)?;: Reads on-chain time from the Clock sysvar.
5. Line 41 require!(ctx.accounts.seller_state.deposit_amount > 0, ErrorCode::NotRegistered);: An explicit validation that aborts the instruction with an error.

        init_if_needed,        payer = player,        space = PlayerTitle::SIZE,        seeds = [b"player_title", player.key().as_ref()],        bump,    )]    pub player_title: Account<'info, PlayerTitle>,     #[account(mut)]    pub player: Signer<'info>,     pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,} pub fn handle_set_title(ctx: Context<SetTitle>, title_idx: u8) -> Result<()> {    require!(title_idx < TITLE_COUNT, ErrorCode::InvalidAction);     let pt = &mut ctx.accounts.player_title;    if pt.owner == Pubkey::default() {        // Init: always unlock title 0 (Traveler)        pt.owner = ctx.accounts.player.key();        pt.equipped = 0;        pt.unlocked = 0b0000_0001; // bit 0 = Traveler always on        pt.bump = ctx.bumps.player_title;

1. Line 13 init_if_needed,: Creates the account only if it doesn't exist. Watch for re-initialisation bugs.
2. Line 16 seeds = [b"player_title", player.key().as_ref()],: Declares the PDA seeds. Anchor re-derives the address and rejects the account if it doesn't match.
3. Line 17 bump,: Uses the bump seed, the extra byte that pushes the derived address off the ed25519 curve.
4. Line 22 pub player: Signer<'info>,: Requires this account to have signed the transaction.
5. Line 28 require!(title_idx < TITLE_COUNT, ErrorCode::InvalidAction);: An explicit validation that aborts the instruction with an error.